Generic protsessor

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Sissejuhatus

TODO

Mõisted

  • CPU (Central Processing Unit) - protsessor
  • memory controller - laadib programmi koodi ja andmed RAM mälust protsessorisse
  • PIO, Processor I/O
  • DMA - direct memory access
  • North Bridge ehk memory controller hub (MCH) - protsessori ja mälu chip
  • South Bridge ehk i/O controller Hub (ICH) - I/O asjade chip
  • external clock - kontrollib andmevahetuse kiirust mälu ja protsessori vahel
  • internal clock - kontrollib tegevusi protsessori sees
  • execution unit - ALU, FPU jt
  • superscalar architecture - protsessor sisaldab mitmeid erinevaid exec. uniteid (nt ALU, FPU) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalar
  • DDR (Dual Data Rate)
  • QDR (Quad Data Rate)
  • datapath with between memory and cpu - 64 bit või 128 bit (dual channel memory)
  • L1 instruction cache - kasutatakse sisendis
  • L1 data cache - kasutatakse väljundis
  • L2 memory cache
  • trace execution cache - Pentium 4 juures on see kasutusel L1 instruction cache asemel
  • cache controller
  • branching - vastavalt JMP käskude sihtpunktidele loetakse andmed protsessori L2 cache'i (conditional and unconditional branching)
  • FPU - Float Point Unit (näide exec. unitist)
  • ALU - Arithmetic and Logic Unit (näide exec. unitist)
  • pipelining - protsessor tegeleb samaaegselt mitmete käsklustega, mis on erinevates etappides (nt fetch, decode, exec)
  • out-of-order execution (OOO) - protsessor oskab täita käske vastavalt sellele, millised exec unitid on vabad ja seejuures mitte tingimata nö programmi järjekorras
  • speculative execution - branching + OOO koostöö

Tööpõhimõte

Protsessor koosneb unititest (stages) 

RAM Memory -> L2 Memory C. -> L1 Inst. C. -> Fetch Unit -> Decode Unit -> Exec. Unit -> L1 Data C.

Trusted Computing

Mõisted

  • Intel® Trusted Execution Technology (Intel® TXT) - nt. Support for Intel TXT is platform dependant. Intel TXT requires an Intel® 5500 or 5520 chipset, an Intel® Xeon® processor 5600 series, a TXT-enabled BIOS, and a supported Trust Platform Module (TPM) on the platform to function.

Kasulikud lisamaterjalid

Energiatarve

Protsessori sagedus

Tundub, et tänapäeva protsessorid oskavad muuta sagedust (ja seeläbi energia tarbimist) sõltuvalt parasjagu olevast os arvutusvajadusest. 

# cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_governor
ondemand

# cat /proc/cpuinfo
..
model name      : Intel(R) Core(TM) i5 CPU       M 520  @ 2.40GHz
stepping        : 5
microcode       : 0x2
cpu MHz         : 1199.000
...

# apt-get install linux-cpupower
# cpupower frequency-info
analyzing CPU 0:
 driver: acpi-cpufreq
 CPUs which run at the same hardware frequency: 0
 CPUs which need to have their frequency coordinated by software: 0
 maximum transition latency: 10.0 us
 hardware limits: 1.20 GHz - 2.40 GHz
 available frequency steps:  2.40 GHz, 2.40 GHz, 2.27 GHz, 2.13 GHz, 2.00 GHz, 1.87 GHz, 1.73 GHz, 1.60 GHz, 1.47 GHz, 1.33 GHz, 1.20 GHz
 available cpufreq governors: userspace powersave conservative ondemand performance
 current policy: frequency should be within 1.20 GHz and 2.40 GHz.
                 The governor "ondemand" may decide which speed to use
                 within this range.
 current CPU frequency: 1.20 GHz (asserted by call to hardware)
 boost state support:
   Supported: yes
   Active: yes
   2000 MHz max turbo 2 active cores
   2200 MHz max turbo 1 active cores

# cpufreq-info

Kasulikud lisamaterjalid

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