Linux kernel kontrollib tegevusi: erinevus redaktsioonide vahel

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[ RESOURCE ] (e.g., /dev/sda, System Clock, Network Socket)
  
[ RESOURCE ] (e.g., /dev/sda, System Clock, Network Socket)
 
</pre>
  
</pre>
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===Capabilities - 2026 kevad märkmed===
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Väited
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* teatud mõttes capabilities laiendab nö klassikaliselt setuid lahendust (mis võimaldab faili omaduste alusel tuletada protsessi käivitamise jaoks sobivad privileegid - tavaliselt tavakasutaja -> root kasutaja)
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* võimalik on tekitada tavakasutajale kuuluva protsessi, mis on binditud privilegeeritud st <1024 port külge
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* teatud määral päritakse capabilitied parent protsessi käest child protsessi poolt
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capabilities saab toimuda kahe nö allika põhiselt
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* faili xattr alusel staatiliselt
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* kõrgema privileegiga protsessi poolt väljakutsutud viisil dünaamiliselt (nt systemd service unit)
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systemd puhul tavaliselt seadistatakse alumime ja ülemine lagi privileegidega
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<pre>
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root@zabbix-pub-01:~# systemctl show systemd-resolved | grep Capab
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CapabilityBoundingSet=cap_setpcap cap_net_bind_service cap_net_raw
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AmbientCapabilities=cap_setpcap cap_net_bind_service cap_net_raw
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root@zabbix-pub-01:~# egrep -r AmbientCapabilities /lib/systemd/
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/lib/systemd/system/e2scrub_reap.service:AmbientCapabilities=CAP_SYS_ADMIN CAP_SYS_RAWIO
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/lib/systemd/system/e2scrub@.service:AmbientCapabilities=CAP_SYS_ADMIN CAP_SYS_RAWIO
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/lib/systemd/system/xfs_scrub@.service:AmbientCapabilities=CAP_SYS_ADMIN CAP_FOWNER CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH CAP_SYS_RAWIO
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/lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service:AmbientCapabilities=CAP_SYS_TIME
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/lib/systemd/system/systemd-networkd.service:AmbientCapabilities=CAP_NET_ADMIN CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE CAP_NET_BROADCAST CAP_NET_RAW
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/lib/systemd/system/systemd-resolved.service:AmbientCapabilities=CAP_SETPCAP CAP_NET_RAW CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE
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</pre>
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Parasjagu olevat protsesside seisu capability mõttes esitab pscap programm, nt
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<pre>
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root@zabbix-pub-01:~# apt-get install libcap-ng-utils
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root@zabbix-pub-01:~# pscap -a
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ppid pid uid command capabilities
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0 1 root systemd full +
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1 344 root systemd-journal chown, dac_override, dac_read_search, fowner, setgid, setuid, sys_ptrace, sys_admin, audit_control, mac_override, syslog, audit_read +
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1 395 root multipathd full +
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1 413 root systemd-udevd chown, dac_override, dac_read_search, fowner, fsetid, kill, setgid, setuid, setpcap, linux_immutable, net_bind_service, net_broadcast, net_admin, net_raw, ipc_lock, ipc_owner, sys_module, sys_rawio, sys_chroot, sys_ptrace, sys_pacct, sys_admin, sys_boot, sys_nice, sys_resource, sys_tty_config, mknod, lease, audit_write, audit_control, setfcap, mac_override, mac_admin, syslog, block_suspend, audit_read, perfmon, bpf, checkpoint_restore +
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1 562 systemd-network systemd-network net_bind_service, net_broadcast, net_admin, net_raw @ +
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1 577 systemd-resolve systemd-resolve net_raw @ +
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1 593 systemd-timesync systemd-timesyn sys_time @ +
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1 715 messagebus dbus-daemon audit_write +
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1 719 root php-fpm8.3 full +
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1 724 root qemu-ga full +
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1 733 root systemd-logind chown, dac_override, dac_read_search, fowner, linux_immutable, sys_admin, sys_tty_config, audit_control, mac_admin +
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...
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</pre>
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====Dünaamiline capability====
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Ühes aknas öeldakse
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<pre>
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root@zabbix-pub-01:~# capsh --keep=1 --user=nobody --inh=cap_chown --addamb=cap_chown --caps="cap_chown=eip" -- -c "sleep 60"
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</pre>
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ja teises küsitakse
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<pre>
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root@zabbix-pub-01:~# ps aux | grep sleep
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nobody 216107 0.0 0.1 5692 2196 pts/0 S+ 00:45 0:00 sleep 60
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root@zabbix-pub-01:~# grep -i cap /proc/216107/status
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CapInh: 0000000000000001
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CapPrm: 0000000000000001
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CapEff: 0000000000000001
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CapBnd: 000001ffffffffff
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CapAmb: 0000000000000001
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</pre>
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===Kasulikud lisamaterjalid===
  
===Kasulikud lisamaterjalid===

Redaktsioon: 4. mai 2026, kell 01:44

Sissejuhatus

TODO

Mõisted

  • seccomp
  • capabilities
  • dac/acl
  • lsm

Tööpõhimõte

Väited

  • üldiselt tahab protsess kasutada mingit ressurssi ja seda on vaja kontrollida (nt peab süsteem otsustama, kas seda kasutamist lubada)
  • privileegid (st õigus midagi teha, midagi kasutada) pole mitte niivõrd kasutajal, aga privileegid on protsessil
  • protsessi privileegid tulenevad muu hulgast kolmest asjaolust: 1. seccomp syscall tulemüür, 2. capabilities, 3. lsm
  • system call (syscall, 'make system call') - xxx

Syscallisid on üldiselt kahesuguseid

  • Automatic Syscalls: Actions like mmap(), read(), or brk() are considered "safe." The kernel assumes that if you have the memory or the file handle, you can perform these actions. No special "permission" is needed beyond standard file permissions.
  • Restricted Syscalls: Actions like clock_adjtime(), reboot(), or mount() are "dangerous." Historically, the kernel had a simple rule: if (uid == 0) (Root), allow; else, deny.

Joonis 

   töötav protsess  ->  syscall liides        -> kernel               ->    ressurss
 
                    ^                              ^                  ^
                    |                              |                  |
                    |                              |                  |
 
            seccomp tulemüür                  capabilities      lsm (apparmor)
                                                  dac

kus

  • systemd - tegeleb seccomp ja capabilities rakendamisega
  • apparmor - tegeleb lsm rakendamisega

gemini joonis

[ PROCESS ]
      |
      | 1. SECCOMP GATE (The Vocabulary Check)
      |    "Is this syscall even allowed to be uttered?"
      |    [ Filter: 23 active ] ---------------------> [ REJECT / SIGSYS ]
      |
      v
      | 2. CAPABILITIES GATE (The Authority Check)
      |    "Does this process hold the specific bit for this action?"
      |    [ e.g., CAP_SYS_TIME ] --------------------> [ REJECT / EPERM ]
      |
      v
      | 3. DAC / ACL GATE (The Identity Check)
      |    "Is the process UID/GID on the list for this file/device?"
      |    [ Feature: +ACL ] -------------------------> [ REJECT / EACCES ]
      |
      v
      | 4. LSM / MAC GATE (The Policy "Horizon")
      |    "Does the overall security policy permit this role this access?"
      |    [ AppArmor / SELINUX ] --------------------> [ REJECT / DENIED ]
      |
      v
  [ RESOURCE ] (e.g., /dev/sda, System Clock, Network Socket)

Capabilities - 2026 kevad märkmed

Väited

  • teatud mõttes capabilities laiendab nö klassikaliselt setuid lahendust (mis võimaldab faili omaduste alusel tuletada protsessi käivitamise jaoks sobivad privileegid - tavaliselt tavakasutaja -> root kasutaja)
  • võimalik on tekitada tavakasutajale kuuluva protsessi, mis on binditud privilegeeritud st <1024 port külge
  • teatud määral päritakse capabilitied parent protsessi käest child protsessi poolt

capabilities saab toimuda kahe nö allika põhiselt

  • faili xattr alusel staatiliselt
  • kõrgema privileegiga protsessi poolt väljakutsutud viisil dünaamiliselt (nt systemd service unit)

systemd puhul tavaliselt seadistatakse alumime ja ülemine lagi privileegidega 

root@zabbix-pub-01:~# systemctl show systemd-resolved | grep Capab
CapabilityBoundingSet=cap_setpcap cap_net_bind_service cap_net_raw
AmbientCapabilities=cap_setpcap cap_net_bind_service cap_net_raw

root@zabbix-pub-01:~# egrep -r AmbientCapabilities /lib/systemd/
/lib/systemd/system/e2scrub_reap.service:AmbientCapabilities=CAP_SYS_ADMIN CAP_SYS_RAWIO
/lib/systemd/system/e2scrub@.service:AmbientCapabilities=CAP_SYS_ADMIN CAP_SYS_RAWIO
/lib/systemd/system/xfs_scrub@.service:AmbientCapabilities=CAP_SYS_ADMIN CAP_FOWNER CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH CAP_SYS_RAWIO
/lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service:AmbientCapabilities=CAP_SYS_TIME
/lib/systemd/system/systemd-networkd.service:AmbientCapabilities=CAP_NET_ADMIN CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE CAP_NET_BROADCAST CAP_NET_RAW
/lib/systemd/system/systemd-resolved.service:AmbientCapabilities=CAP_SETPCAP CAP_NET_RAW CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE

Parasjagu olevat protsesside seisu capability mõttes esitab pscap programm, nt 

root@zabbix-pub-01:~# apt-get install libcap-ng-utils
root@zabbix-pub-01:~# pscap -a
ppid  pid   uid         command             capabilities
0     1     root        systemd             full +
1     344   root        systemd-journal     chown, dac_override, dac_read_search, fowner, setgid, setuid, sys_ptrace, sys_admin, audit_control, mac_override, syslog, audit_read +
1     395   root        multipathd          full +
1     413   root        systemd-udevd       chown, dac_override, dac_read_search, fowner, fsetid, kill, setgid, setuid, setpcap, linux_immutable, net_bind_service, net_broadcast, net_admin, net_raw, ipc_lock, ipc_owner, sys_module, sys_rawio, sys_chroot, sys_ptrace, sys_pacct, sys_admin, sys_boot, sys_nice, sys_resource, sys_tty_config, mknod, lease, audit_write, audit_control, setfcap, mac_override, mac_admin, syslog, block_suspend, audit_read, perfmon, bpf, checkpoint_restore +
1     562   systemd-network  systemd-network     net_bind_service, net_broadcast, net_admin, net_raw @ +
1     577   systemd-resolve  systemd-resolve     net_raw @ +
1     593   systemd-timesync  systemd-timesyn     sys_time @ +
1     715   messagebus  dbus-daemon         audit_write +
1     719   root        php-fpm8.3          full +
1     724   root        qemu-ga             full +
1     733   root        systemd-logind      chown, dac_override, dac_read_search, fowner, linux_immutable, sys_admin, sys_tty_config, audit_control, mac_admin +
...

Dünaamiline capability

Ühes aknas öeldakse 

root@zabbix-pub-01:~# capsh --keep=1 --user=nobody --inh=cap_chown --addamb=cap_chown --caps="cap_chown=eip" -- -c "sleep 60"

ja teises küsitakse 

root@zabbix-pub-01:~# ps aux | grep sleep
nobody    216107  0.0  0.1   5692  2196 pts/0    S+   00:45   0:00 sleep 60

root@zabbix-pub-01:~# grep -i cap /proc/216107/status
CapInh:	0000000000000001
CapPrm:	0000000000000001
CapEff:	0000000000000001
CapBnd:	000001ffffffffff
CapAmb:	0000000000000001


Kasulikud lisamaterjalid

  • TODO
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