Imre: Uus lehekülg: '===Sissejuhatus=== TODO ===Mõisted=== * CPU (Central Processing Unit) - protsessor * memory controller - laadib programmi koodi ja andmed RAM mälust protsessorisse * PIO, Processor I/O * DMA - direct memory access * North Bridge ehk memory controller hub (MCH) - protsessori ja mälu chip * South Bridge ehk i/O controller Hub (ICH) - I/O asjade chip * external clock - kontrollib andmevahetuse kiirust mälu ja protsessori vahel * internal clock - kontrollib tegevusi prot...'

2025-05-07T20:45:04Z

Uus lehekülg: '===Sissejuhatus=== TODO ===Mõisted=== * CPU (Central Processing Unit) - protsessor * memory controller - laadib programmi koodi ja andmed RAM mälust protsessorisse * PIO, Processor I/O * DMA - direct memory access * North Bridge ehk memory controller hub (MCH) - protsessori ja mälu chip * South Bridge ehk i/O controller Hub (ICH) - I/O asjade chip * external clock - kontrollib andmevahetuse kiirust mälu ja protsessori vahel * internal clock - kontrollib tegevusi prot...'

Uus lehekülg

===Sissejuhatus===

TODO

===Mõisted===

* CPU (Central Processing Unit) - protsessor
* memory controller - laadib programmi koodi ja andmed RAM mälust protsessorisse
* PIO, Processor I/O
* DMA - direct memory access
* North Bridge ehk memory controller hub (MCH) - protsessori ja mälu chip
* South Bridge ehk i/O controller Hub (ICH) - I/O asjade chip
* external clock - kontrollib andmevahetuse kiirust mälu ja protsessori vahel
* internal clock - kontrollib tegevusi protsessori sees
* execution unit - ALU, FPU jt
* superscalar architecture - protsessor sisaldab mitmeid erinevaid exec. uniteid (nt ALU, FPU) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalar
* DDR (Dual Data Rate)
* QDR (Quad Data Rate)
* datapath with between memory and cpu - 64 bit või 128 bit (dual channel memory)
* L1 instruction cache - kasutatakse sisendis
* L1 data cache - kasutatakse väljundis
* L2 memory cache
* trace execution cache - Pentium 4 juures on see kasutusel L1 instruction cache asemel
* cache controller
* branching - vastavalt JMP käskude sihtpunktidele loetakse andmed protsessori L2 cache'i (conditional and unconditional branching)
* FPU - Float Point Unit (näide exec. unitist)
* ALU - Arithmetic and Logic Unit (näide exec. unitist)
* pipelining - protsessor tegeleb samaaegselt mitmete käsklustega, mis on erinevates etappides (nt fetch, decode, exec)
* out-of-order execution (OOO) - protsessor oskab täita käske vastavalt sellele, millised exec unitid on vabad ja seejuures mitte tingimata nö programmi järjekorras
* speculative execution - branching + OOO koostöö

===Tööpõhimõte===

Protsessor koosneb unititest (stages)

RAM Memory -> L2 Memory C. -> L1 Inst. C. -> Fetch Unit -> Decode Unit -> Exec. Unit -> L1 Data C.

===Trusted Computing===

Mõisted

* Intel® Trusted Execution Technology (Intel® TXT) - nt. Support for Intel TXT is platform dependant. Intel TXT requires an Intel® 5500 or 5520 chipset, an Intel® Xeon® processor 5600 series, a TXT-enabled BIOS, and a supported Trust Platform Module (TPM) on the platform to function.

Kasulikud lisamaterjalid

* Integrity Measurement Architecture (IMA) - http://lwn.net/Articles/137306/
* Linux and trusted computing - http://lwn.net/Articles/144681/
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Computing
* http://trousers.sourceforge.net/
* http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/linux-ima/index.php?title=Main_Page
* http://www.grounation.org/index.php?post/2008/07/04/8-how-to-use-a-tpm-with-linux

===Energiatarve===

* http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-cpufreq-1/
* http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-cpufreq-2/
* https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-cpufreq-3/

===Protsessori sagedus===

Tundub, et tänapäeva protsessorid oskavad muuta sagedust (ja seeläbi energia tarbimist) sõltuvalt parasjagu olevast os arvutusvajadusest.

# cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_governor
ondemand

# cat /proc/cpuinfo
..
model name : Intel(R) Core(TM) i5 CPU M 520 @ 2.40GHz
stepping : 5
microcode : 0x2
cpu MHz : 1199.000
...

# apt-get install linux-cpupower
# cpupower frequency-info
analyzing CPU 0:
driver: acpi-cpufreq
CPUs which run at the same hardware frequency: 0
CPUs which need to have their frequency coordinated by software: 0
maximum transition latency: 10.0 us
hardware limits: 1.20 GHz - 2.40 GHz
available frequency steps: 2.40 GHz, 2.40 GHz, 2.27 GHz, 2.13 GHz, 2.00 GHz, 1.87 GHz, 1.73 GHz, 1.60 GHz, 1.47 GHz, 1.33 GHz, 1.20 GHz
available cpufreq governors: userspace powersave conservative ondemand performance
current policy: frequency should be within 1.20 GHz and 2.40 GHz.
The governor "ondemand" may decide which speed to use
within this range.
current CPU frequency: 1.20 GHz (asserted by call to hardware)
boost state support:
Supported: yes
Active: yes
2000 MHz max turbo 2 active cores
2200 MHz max turbo 1 active cores

# cpufreq-info

===Kasulikud lisamaterjalid===

* [[:Intel protsessor]]
* [[:AMD protsessor]]
* How a CPU Works - http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/How-a-CPU-Works/209/1
* Inside Pentium 4 Architecture - http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/235/
* Inside Intel Core Microarchitecture - http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/313
* Inside AMD64 Architecture - http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/324
* Inside Pentium M Architecture - http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/270
* Everything You Need to Know About the HyperTransport Bus - http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/19
* Intel EM64T Technology Explained - http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/Intel-EM64T-Technology-Explained/262/1
* AMD 64-bit architecture (x86-64) - http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/56
* Intel Core – 8th generation CPU architecture - http://www.pctechguide.com/cpu-architecture/intel-core-8th-generation-cpu-architecture
* https://www.gamersnexus.net/guides/3313-what-is-a-chipset-amd-vs-intel-2018

Generic protsessor - Redigeerimiste ajalugu